Of what others have suggested and that I've read: the ones most similar to what you've finished are:
- The First Law series by Joe Abercrombie
- The Expanse series by James SA Corey
- Hyperion (at least the first two books, w/ optional two more) by Dan Simmons
New recommendations:
- Dhalgren by Samuel R Delany (content warning)
- The Baroque Cycle series by Neal Stephenson (Snow Crash and the Diamond Age may both be better starting points for the author, but may fit your other criteria less)
- The Book of the New Sun series by Gene Wolfe
Other works that stretch your genre boundary but may evoke the right emotion:
- Collected Fictions by Jorge Luis Borges
- If on a Winter's Night a Traveler by Italo Calvino
- The Name of the Rose by Umberto Eco
- Cloud Atlas by David Mitchell
- The Satanic Verses by Salman Rushdie
- Lovecraft Country by Matt Ruff
- Plain Bad Heroines by Emily M Danforth
- John Dies at the End by David Wong